When you or someone you love is sick, whether from the flu or bronchitis or any number of illnesses, the most pressing thought is towards recovering as fast and as fully as possible.

In the battle against the bug, antibiotics have often been the sword with which to vanquish the microscopic beasties. Even those people that hold out against using medication and let their own immune systems attempt to triumph often succumb to the perceived “instant cure” that antibiotics seem to offer. What they don’t realize is that many of those who fall sick, take antibiotics, and then promptly recover, would have recovered even had they not taken antibiotics and just waited a few more days. We tend to self-diagnose, often incorrectly, and seek the cure before confirming the cause of the illness. Bronchitis, for example, can be caused by both bacteria and viruses.

Unfortunately, the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, which include over-prescription and failure to complete antibiotic treatment, have led to a rise in superbugs, bacteria that are resistant to all currently available antibiotic treatments. Recently, reports have been issued from European hospitals stating that there has been a frightening rise in superbugs in hospitals, leading to untreatable infections.

The biggest problem with antibiotics has been and still is their over-prescription. They are often prescribed for illnesses that are entirely viral based, such as the flu and colds, making the antibiotics nothing more than placebos against these infections.

Many people don’t understand that antibiotics do not work against viruses. As the name implies, antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses. Like most living things, bacteria also evolve and as antibiotics kill off the susceptible colonies, resistant colonies expand to fill the space left behind. The more antibiotics are used, the faster the spread of more resistant colonies.

But why do doctors, who surely are aware of the consequences of this scenario, over-prescribe antibiotics? Part of the answer lies in the pressure exerted by the patient on the doctor. A physician is often overloaded with sick patients, especially in the winter when infection rates rise significantly. Patients often demand antibiotics, having experienced rapid recovery under bacterial infections and believing the same will occur with the current infection. Doctors will often prescribe what the patients want rather than what they need, in order to placate the patient and not have to spend too much time on each patient.

The speed of bacterial evolution caused by over-prescription of antibiotics is currently outstripping the speed with which new antibiotics are developed, which will lead to a catastrophic epidemic of untreatable superbugs. More sensible prescription and more appropriate use of antibiotics is essential if we are to keep up and stay healthy.

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of a series of measures to determine the level of excess fat in the body. Although other measures such as hydrodensitometry (underwater weighing), skin-fold measurements (using calipers) and magnetic resonance imaging can provide more accurate determinations of body fat, BMI can be useful in most cases.
How to Calculate Your BMI
Your BMI is simply determined by the ratio of your weight and height. More specifically, BMI is calculated using the following formula:

BMI = weight / (height)2

This formula uses the metric system, with weight in kilograms and height in meters. To calculate your BMI based on height in inches and weight in pounds, multiply the result by 703.
BMI = 703 x weight (lbs.) / (height [in.])2

Interpreting Your BMI
The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) considers BMI scores for average individuals to be ranked as follows:
    Condition: BMI
    Underweight: Below 18.5
    Normal: 18.5-24.9
    Overweight: 25.0-29.9
    Obesity: 30.0 and above

It is important to note, however, that BMI scores may fail to properly estimate the level of body fat in certain individuals. Athletes and others with muscular builds, for example, may fall into the overweight category despite having near perfect physiques, while the elderly and those who have lost muscle mass may fall into the underweight category despite having excess body fat.
The other important thing to note is that BMI assessments vary by sex and age. BMI scores for boys are slightly lower than for girls (aged 7-16), and scores for women are slightly lower than for men (aged 18 and up).
Despite these caveats, for most people, the BMI is a simple and useful tool for determining disease risk due to excess fat.
Risk Factors Associated with High BMI
There are a number of risk factors linked to high BMI scores that put individuals at significant risk for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, gall bladder disease and some types of cancer. These include:
•    High LDL cholesterol (considered “bad” cholesterol)
•    Low HDL cholesterol (considered “good” cholesterol)
•    High blood sugar
•    High triglycerides
•    Sedentary lifestyle
•    Smoking
How much BMI do I need to lose to see improvements?
It may seem that a significant amount of exercise is needed to lose weight but even a small drop of 5 to 10 percent body weight can help lower the risk for obesity related diseases. As with all exercise programs, care must be taken when starting up. Check with your doctor before you begin and discuss the fitness program you intend to start.
Depending how many additional risk factors you have, your doctor may advise a weight control program rather than a weight loss program. For dangerously high BMI scores, your doctor may advise more drastic measures. However, for most individuals, a sensible fitness program and healthy diet that is incorporated into daily life and maintained in the long term can significantly lower BMI scores and thus lower the chances for excess fat related disease.
References
1. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Assessing Your Weight and Health Risk Website
(Link: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/risk.htm)
2. Halls.md, The BMI gap between men and women
(Link: http://www.halls.md/bmi/gap.htm)

The parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system comprise the autonomic nervous system in the body. The autonomic nervous system is continuously active and is responsible for unconscious regulation of our glands and organs. The parasympathetic nervous system takes care of “rest and repair” activities, such as salivation, tears, sexual arousal, urination, digestion and defecation. These activities are complementary to those of the sympathetic nervous system, which activates processes associated with the “fight or flight” response.

The natural opposition of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems provides both quick responses when needed, and slower responses for less urgent needs. These systems act something like an accelerator and a brake for our body, and help maintain balance, or “homeostasis”. The parasympathetic system is like a brake and helps you save energy, lower blood pressure, decrease heart rate, and it allows digestion to start. It helps return the body to a state of balance after a period of higher sympathetic nervous system activity. Unlike the sympathetic nervous system, these responses are carried out as needed, rather than all at once.

Chiropractic adjustments have been known to affect the autonomic nervous system by promoting parasympathetic system activity and down regulating the sympathetic nervous system. For example, pain receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system. A chiropractic adjustment may be able reduce the firing of the pain receptor by decreasing input to the spinal cord, thus reducing the sensation of pain.

The parasympathetic nerves originate in spinal cord and in the medulla, part of the brain. The main parasympathetic nerve is the vagus nerve, which is also known as cranial nerve X. The vagus nerve sends information between the brain stem, hypothalamus, and primary organs and glands.

The main functions of the parasympathetic nerves are to conserve energy, so it promotes passive activities such as dissociation, withdrawal, disengagement, and the immobility response. Physical and emotional withdrawal, as well as the negative emotions of shame, hopelessness, disgust, and despair, is also associated with the parasympathetic system. Interestingly, these functions develop later in life than those of the sympathetic nervous system. This is because the inhibitory responses of the parasympathetic system are not conducive to exploring, which is necessary for young mammals in order to be able to grow and learn effectively.

     Your spine, or backbone, is the primary physical support for your body. The spine is composed of 33 separate vertebrae, which are flexible and permit standing, bending over, and twisting. The bony vertebrae encase and protect the spinal cord, which is connected directly to the brainstem. A healthy spine is flexible and strong, and it contributes to strong muscles and bones. However, injury, strain or disease can cause problems with the spine such as pain, inflammation and restricted movement.
    The spine develops from infancy into adulthood, gradually adapting itself from a C-shape, which is suitable for crawling, to an S-shape, which is the natural shape for two-legged walking. The natural curves in the spine serve to cushion impact from movement, absorb shock, preserve balance, and allow range of motion.
    The three main curves in the spine are known as the cervical curve (the neck region), the thoracic curve (the upper back) and the lumbar curve (the lower back). There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal. The sacral and coccygeal are the lowest vertebrae in the spine, below the lumbar area. Good muscle tone is important to help maintain proper posture and spinal alignment. It is also important for us to put effort into maintaining proper posture by training our bodies to walk, stand, lie, and sit such that the lowest possible amount of strain is placed on our spine, muscles, and ligaments.
    Twenty-four of the vertebrae in your spine are moveable. They are cushioned by intervertebral discs which act like coiled springs. They are fluid filled and, as we age, become more brittle, causing us to get shorter. Osteoporosis, a common condition related to aging, as well as injury and strain, can cause spinal discs to herniate or bulge. This condition can cause significant back pain.
     Damage to the spinal cord can cause numbness and loss of motor function. Severe injury to the cervical area can cause tetraplegia (also known as quadriplegia), while injury to the thoracic or lumbar area may result in paraplegia, or loss of the use of the legs and trunk.
    There are several common spinal disorders. Lordosis, also known as sway back, occurs when there is abnormal forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Those who have abnormal curvature of the thoracic curve have kyphosis, or hunchback. Scoliosis occurs when there is a mild side-to-side curvature in the spine. Slight curves of less than 20 degrees do not usually present health or medical problems. Moderate curves usually need treatment because they can significantly limit physical activity.